For example, at the end of treatment, the mean decrease of HBsAg level was highest with genotype A infection, intermediate in genotypes B and D, and lowest in genotypes C and E.
Hypothetical algorithm for HBV genotype—specific antiviral treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B. In contrast to IFN-based therapy, the therapeutic responses to NUCs as well as the development of resistance were comparable among patients with different genotypes Kao et al. Although HBV genotypes seem not to have an impact on the response and resistance to NUC treatment, our retrospective study found that HBV genotype B was independently associated with an earlier detection of lamivudine-resistant strains.
In addition, genotype B was significantly associated with development of lamivudine resistance within the first 12 mo of lamivudine therapy compared with genotype C OR: 8.
Therefore, more frequent monitoring of genotypic resistance might be needed for particular HBV genotypes during NUC therapy. The wild type of precore and BCP region of virus at baseline was an independent predictor of response OR: 2. The chance of HBeAg seroconversion increased by 2. Confirmatory data are limited and, therefore, further large-scale studies are required to explore the association of common HBV variants with treatment response to currently available antiviral agents.
Over the past decade, ample evidence in molecular studies has clarified the clinical implications of HBV genotypes and variants. In brief, compared with genotypes A and B patients, genotypes C and D patients have a higher risk of cirrhosis and HCC, leading to a poorer clinical outcome.
Mutations in core promoter and the pre-S regions are also associated with an increased risk of HCC. Nevertheless, HBV genotypes and variants have shown potential to be useful viral biomarkers for the prediction of disease progression as well as help practicing clinicians identify patients who can benefit most from IFN-based therapy.
Editors: Christoph Seeger and Stephen Locarnini. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Correspondence: Email: wt.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Table 1. Geographic distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes and subtypes. Table 2. HBV genotype—specific implications in patients with chronic hepatitis B.
Figure 2. Figure 3. Hepatitis B virus replication. World J Gastroenterol 13 : 48— Hepatitis B surface antigen serum levels help to distinguish active from inactive hepatitis B virus genotype D carriers. Gastroenterology : — J Hepatol 59 : — Clinical relevance and public health significance of hepatitis B virus genomic variations.
World J Gastroenterol 15 : — Hepatitis B virus genotype has no impact on hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion after lamivudine treatment. World J Gastroenterol 9 : — Genotype C hepatitis B virus infection is associated with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 53 : — High viral load and hepatitis B virus subgenotype Ce are associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
J Clin Oncol 26 : — Antivir Ther 15 : — Fighting against viral hepatitis: Lessons from Taiwan. Hepatology 54 : — Prognosis following spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance in chronic hepatitis B patients with or without concurrent infection. Hepatitis B genotypes correlate with tumor recurrence after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2 : 64— High prevalence of mixed genotype infections in hepatitis B virus infected intravenous drug users. J Med Virol 74 : — Identification of hepatitis B virus X gene mutation in Hong Kong patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Virol 34 : 7— High prevalence and mapping of pre-S deletion in hepatitis B virus carriers with progressive liver diseases. Pre-S deletion and complex mutations of hepatitis B virus related to advanced liver disease in HBeAg-negative patients.
Biomed Res Int : Hepatitis B immunopathogenesis. Annu Rev Immunol 13 : 29— Hepatitis B virus variants. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 6 : — Gut 57 : 91— Chronic hepatitis B virus infection acquired in childhood: Special emphasis on prognostic and therapeutic implication of delayed HBeAg seroconversion. J Viral Hepat 14 : — J Viral Hepat 10 : — Virol J 5 : Gut 54 : — J Hepatol 57 : — Hepatitis B virus pre-S deletion mutations are a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma: A matched nested case-control study.
J Gen Virol 89 : — Natural history of chronic hepatitis B: Special emphasis on disease progression and prognostic factors. J Hepatol 48 : — Am J Gastroenterol : — Hepatitis B virus infection—Natural history and clinical consequences. N Engl J Med : — J Viral Hepat 17 : 16— Sequential accumulation of the mutations in core promoter of hepatitis B virus is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in Qidong, China.
J Hepatol 49 : — Three-year efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate treatment for chronic hepatitis B. Characteristics of the early phase of chronicity in acute hepatitis B infection.
J Med Virol 57 : — Molecular characteristics of hepatitis B virus genotype A confer a higher response to interferon treatment. J Hepatol 34 : 15— Telbivudine versus lamivudine in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B: Results at 1 year of a randomized, double-blind trial.
Hepatology 47 : — Pre-S mutant surface antigens in chronic hepatitis B virus infection induce oxidative stress and DNA damage. Carcinogenesis 25 : — Hepatitis B virus genotype B has an earlier emergence of lamivudine resistance than genotype C. Antivir Ther 14 : — Long-term outcome after spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 35 : — Clinical relevance of hepatitis B viral mutations.
Hepatology 31 : — Characterisation of hepatitis B virus X protein mutants in tumour and non-tumour liver cells using laser capture microdissection. J Hepatol 39 : — J Gastroenterol , Article PubMed Google Scholar. Intervirology , J Gastroenterol Hepatol , Liver Transpl , 8: J Hepatol , Wen YM: Structural and functional analysis of full-length hepatitis B virus genomes in patients: implications in pathogenesis.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin , 26 Suppl 7 FEBS Lett , J Clin Virol , Arch Virol , Virol J , 6: BMC Infect Dis , 9: J Med Virol , J Viral Hepat , Antivir Ther , Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. YM and XGD designed, executed and coordinated the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. Reprints and Permissions.
Ma, Y. Virol J 8, Interpretive Data Background information for test. May include disease information, patient result explanation, recommendations, details of testing, associated diseases, explanation of possible patient results. Compliance Category. Note Additional information related to the test.
CPT codes are provided only as guidance to assist clients with billing. CPT coding is the sole responsibility of the billing party. Click here for your pricing. Components Components of test. The information provided here is not sufficient for interface builds; for a complete test mix, please click the sidebar link to access the Interface Map.
Aliases Other names that describe the test. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this. PDF Report Indicates whether the report includes an additional document with charts, images or other enriched information.
Day s Performed Outlines the days the test is performed. This field reflects the day that the sample must be in the testing laboratory to begin the testing process and includes any specimen preparation and processing time before the test is performed. Some tests are listed as continuously performed, which means that assays are performed multiple times during the day. Report Available The interval of time receipt of sample at Mayo Clinic Laboratories to results available taking into account standard setup days and weekends.
The first day is the time that it typically takes for a result to be available. The last day is the time it might take, accounting for any necessary repeated testing. Performing Laboratory Location Indicates the location of the laboratory that performs the test. Fees Several factors determine the fee charged to perform a test. Contact your U. Authorized users can sign in to Test Prices for detailed fee information.
0コメント