Headquartered in New York City, the United Nations also has regional offices in In , representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on International Organization to draw up the United Nations Seven decades after the signature and entry into force of the UN Charter, we argument presented in this article draws on two research projects—the United Nations Intellectual History. The largest share, around 50 per cent, went to Africa, which has 39 un.
Prior to the UN. Prior to the establishment of the United Nations, the League of Nations existed as the premier organisation for. The United Nations UN is an intergovernmental organization responsible for maintaining.. In , the organization suffered the worst loss of life in its history, when personnel died in the Haiti earthquake.
The UN Security Council is another branch and is the most powerful. It can authorize the deployment of UN member states' militaries, can mandate a cease-fire during conflicts and can enforce penalties on countries if they do not comply with given mandates.
It is composed of five permanent members and 10 rotating members. Next, the Economic and Social Council assists the General Assembly in promoting economic and social development as well as the cooperation of member states. Finally, the Secretariat is the branch headed by the Secretary-General. Its main responsibility is providing studies, information, and other data when needed by other UN branches for their meetings.
Today, almost every fully recognized independent state is a member of the UN. To become a member of the UN, a state must accept both peace and all obligations outlined in charter and be willing to carry out any action to satisfy those obligations.
The final decision on admission to the UN is carried out by the General Assembly after recommendation by the Security Council. As it was in the past, the main function of the UN today is to maintain peace and security for all of its member states. Though the UN does not maintain its own military, it does have peacekeeping forces that are supplied by its member states. On approval of the UN Security Council, these peacekeepers are, for example, sent to regions where armed conflict has recently ended to discourage combatants from resuming fighting.
In , the peacekeeping force won a Nobel Peace Prize for its actions. In addition to maintaining peace, the UN aims to protect human rights and provide humanitarian assistance when needed. In , the General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a standard for its human rights operations.
The UN currently provides technical assistance in elections, helps to improve judicial structures and draft constitutions trains human rights officials, and provides food, drinking water, shelter, and other humanitarian services to peoples displaced by famine, war, and natural disaster.
This is the largest source of technical grant assistance in the world. The parent organization also annually publishes the Human Development Index to rank countries in terms of poverty, literacy, education, and life expectancy. Most of its member states and various international organizations agreed to target goals relating to reducing poverty and child mortality, fighting diseases and epidemics, and developing a global partnership in terms of international development, by A report issued as the deadline neared noted the progress that had been made, lauding efforts in developing nations, and noted shortfalls as well that need continued focus: people still living in poverty without access to services, gender inequality, the wealth gap, and climate change's effects on the poorest people.
Actively scan device characteristics for identification. The way Congo leaders approached the matter came to show that the United Nations had managed to make legitimacy matter. He believed that the withdrawal of Belgian forces from the Congo would be sufficient to pacify the region. In the spirit of the new peacekeeping agenda the proposed force was not allowed to take sides in internal conflicts or to use force except in self-defense Franck , p.
Although ONUC and UNEF were both set up on temporary emergency basis and with the consent of the receiving states, the two operations were very different. The General Assembly only has power to make recommendations, thus every aspect of the UNEF mission needed the explicit consent of the government of the receiving country. In contrast, the decisions taken by the Security Council are not mere recommendations. And if the Republic of Congo was not under this obligation in July, it certainly has been since it became a member in September, The situation further complicated after the fall of Premier Lumumba, when the government of Congo ceased to exist in September Adoula, no constitutional government functioned in Congo.
In January , UN peacekeeping encountered yet another major challenge. Between May and August several conferences were held to resolve the constitutional crisis until on 2 August the parliament voted to elect Cyrille Adula.
This brought stability to the central government and provided the United Nations with a legitimate support for the mission Franck , p. The operation was originally intended as an arrest operation for Tshombe and other key Katangese officials, but quickly escalated into an open warfare.
Soon, on 18 December Tshombe agreed to unity talks. These talks lasted a year without reaching agreement, and it was not until UN operation Grand Slam that in February the secession of Katanga was ended.
However, it was also one of the most highly controversial operations of the Organization. After Congo the role of the Secretary General was considerably circumcised and all subsequent missions were given six months long mandates, allowing the Security Council to periodically review ongoing operations. The UN endeavor in Congo cost the life of UN personnel and confirmed that peacekeeping should always remain consensual, non- threatening and outside the Cold War conflict. The United Nations maintained this attitude for almost three decades until the end of the Cold War.
Both the world and United Nations underwent a major transformation in the following two decades. By the s, the United Nations had facilitated decolonization in Africa and Asia. In the s, the decolonization and emancipation of the newly formed nations transformed the United Nations into a Third World dominated organization.
Before decolonization, the West had nearly two-thirds majority in the General Assembly. The period after decolonization was characterized by changes in membership, and the subsequent end of Western and US dominance in the United Nations Stoessinger , p. While the Security Council remained paralyzed by the Cold War conflict, the General Assembly became more active during this period. As most of the newly independent states did not see the Cold War as their main problem, they sought to change the United Nations into a more democratic organization instead.
Their main agenda focused on development issues, anti-colonialism and race discrimination. Even though the non-aligned movement made big changes in the United Nations, it was not strong enough to prevent the various unilateral military actions undertaken by the major powers. The period was characterized by a long list of unilateral uses of force.
For example, the United Nations was quite helpless over Vietnam and failed to solve the conflict. The Security Council was paralyzed since two of the permanent members were involved in the conflict, and the General Assembly could do nothing since it only had recommendatory powers. However, UN peacekeeping activities outside the Cold War conflict continued to make valuable contributions to peace. For example, the UN force in Cyprus provided humanitarian assistance and acted as a buffer between the Greek and the Turkish Cypriots.
Throughout it ten years of presence in Cyprus, UNFICYP assisted in maintaining order and keeping relations calm and it tried to diffuse the inter-communal tension Stoessinger , p.
Starting from the mids, relations between the Soviet Union and the United States became friendlier. It seemed like the deadlock in the Security Council characteristic of the 60s and 70s was about to cease to exist. The period was also characterized by many international conflicts in the form of civil wars, guerrilla wars and armed rebellions in Northern Ireland, Iran, Iraq, Malaysia, Chad, Sudan, Colombia, El Salvador and Nicaragua.
The fact that the first forty year of the United Nations history happened during the Cold War left its mark on the organization, and it had several major consequences. The first is that during this period states preferred to rely, as much as they can, legally, militarily and politically speaking, on unilateral use of force, even though initially it was envisaged that the United Nations would provide collective security system.
Major Powers tried justifying these unilateral uses of force by referring to Articles 2. However, these efforts to articulate justification were not substantial.
During this period the classic notion of UN peacekeeping was born, as a result of the lack of agreement in the Security Council during the Cold War.
All this was about to change with the end of the Cold war, when the second ever peace enforcement action by the United Nations, the Gulf war, raised the expectations of the international community Higgins , p. The Gulf war in was only the second example of military enforcement after Korea in However, while Korea was a United Nations Command, Iraq was authorized operation in which states acted in support of and within the parameters of Security Council resolutions.
The Gulf War was an event of global importance that represented the zenith of multilateral cooperation. The Gulf War was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition of 34 other nations who condemned the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on 2 August The Council passed Resolution condemning the invasion and demanding the immediate withdrawal of Iraqi troops from the territory of Kuwait. On 6 August, Resolution placed economic sanctions on Iraq, providing for a full economic embargo, followed by Resolution , which authorized a naval blockade to enforce the sanctions.
Meanwhile, the Arab League passed a separate resolution calling for a solution of the problem within the League. In the course of several months negotiations took place inside and out of the Arab League, without any success. Resolution made no mention of Articles of the Charter, which called for military enforcement measures by the member states.
Thus, the Resolution was not mandatory for individual member states. Iraq refused to withdrawal and on 15 January the Coalition attacked. On 28 February the Coalition was victorious and Kuwait was free. The Gulf War was officially over when on 3 April Iraq agreed to the ceasefire conditions. Soon after that the Security Council adopted Resolution , condemning the repression of Kurdish and Shiite populations on the territory of Iraq.
The discipline demonstrated by the members against Iraq gave the unprecedented image of a world community placed under the centralized authority of the United Nations. In this moment of euphoria, the Secretary General Dr. Boutros Ghali issued his new Agenda for Peace. This was a bold initiative, in which Ghali made specific proposals for the new roles and methods of the United Nations.
The Secretary General identified four functions of the United Nations — preventive diplomacy, peacemaking, peacekeeping and post-conflict peacebuilding. The new Agenda set aside the distinction between enforcement and peacekeeping and opened the way to an enforcement element within peacekeeping operations. These objectives were to be achieved by putting regional organizations into the center of UN peacekeeping. The Gulf War marked the beginning of a new era for the United Nations and its newly recovered authority.
Throughout this period the organization did not evoke any real criticism from the large majority of the member states. That was about to change from mid onwards. Finally, discord in the Security Council was overcome and at last the Organization could start performing its role as initially envisaged in the Charter. However, those hopes faded away shortly after the Gulf War, which became the first and last case of traditional interstate conflict resolved by the United Nations under Chapter VII of the Charter.
After the end of the Cold War many intra-state disputes, which took the form of ethnic conflicts and civil wars, sprang in different parts of the world, predominantly in regions formally under authoritarian and communist regimes. In the ex-communist states of Yugoslavia, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan new demands for self-determination led to series of new generation civil wars. Apart from the Gulf War, conflicts in the post-Cold War period were within states rather than between them.
This represented a major problem because provisions in the UN Charter which deal with threats to international peace and security were intended for interstate conflicts, not for civil wars. In fact, interference in civil war violates one of the main principles upon which the United Nations was founded - that of sovereign equality and respect for the domestic jurisdiction of all UN Members.
Nevertheless, civil wars result in a mass exodus of refugees to neighboring countries, which may cause or aggravate existing threats to international peace and security. This brought about the novel concept of humanitarian intervention and led to a new era in international politics.
In fact, the first time the United Nations needed to deal with the humanitarian aspect of a conflict was during the Gulf War. After Iraqi forces withdrew from Kuwait, Iraq put pressure on the Kurdish and Shiite populations within its borders. In the post-Cold War cooperative spirit among the permanent members the United Nations sought to improve its capacity in conflict resolution.
At a meeting on 31 January , the Security Council adopted a declaration, which called on the Secretary General to recommend ways to improve the efficiency and capacity of the Organization Bourantis et al. An Agenda for Peace recognized that a new generation of intra-state conflicts dominated the post-Cold War international realm.
In order to improve the capacity of the United Nations in conflict resolution, the Secretary General proposed to expand the role and scope of UN peacekeeping.
In his report Boutros-Ghali distinguished four broad categories of UN peacekeeping and conflict resolution activities — preventive diplomacy, peacemaking, peace building and peacekeeping. Preventive diplomacy seeks to ease tension and resolve disputes that are likely to turn into open conflicts. Likewise, peacemaking requires similar diplomatic and negotiation efforts. However, its goal is to reduce the intensity of an already erupted conflict and to bring hostile parties to an agreement by peaceful means.
While all Members of the United Nations fully supported preventive diplomacy efforts, peacemaking process in the former Yugoslavia was highly criticized and showed that these idealistic ideas may not work in practice.
Peacebuilding, as described in the report, can occur before and after a conflict. It is especially needed in the aftermath of war. Stability and sense of confidence and wellbeing between people are fundamental to peace. This would contribute to economic and social development which also enhances confidence and stability Boutros-Ghali , p. Classical UN peacekeeping in the post-Cold War era underwent a transformation. With fourteen new operations launched in the two years after the end of the Cold War, UN peacekeeping reached a new magnitude.
In addition, with peacekeepers having to confront previously unknown issues such as observing for human rights violations, providing safe havens for displaced persons and planning, administering and monitoring elections, UN peacekeeping had changed qualitatively. Later on peace enforcement was added to this list of UN peacekeeping activities. Peace enforcement does not necessarily involve the consent of all parties concerned and it had always been considered very different from peacekeeping Wentges , p.
An Agenda for Peace abandoned the long-standing distinction between peacekeeping and peace enforcement, and opened the way to enforcement element within peacekeeping. Boutros-Ghali mentioned the need for military support of the new kind of operations. He recommended the establishment of rapid deployment peace enforcement units on permanent basis under the command of the Secretary General.
However, this suggestion was rejected by the majority of the Members because they were concerned that these forces would be beyond their control and may be used against them in the future. Another suggestion regarding military support for such operations was to put regional organizations back into center play. To sum up, in his Agenda for Peace Boutros-Ghali addressed newly emerging questions and suggested several strategies to improve the capacity of the United Nations in conflict resolution.
These suggestions were both new and old. The traditional concept of UN peacekeeping was reinforced with preventive diplomacy and peacemaking on one hand, and with post-conflict peacebuilding activities on the other. Furthermore, an enforcement element was incorporated within peacekeeping itself. However, the report failed to recognize the fact that states were no longer the sole participants in the international system of peace and war.
The understanding that only interstate conflicts can be threat to international peace and security was changed by the ethnic conflicts. These conflicts are usually very violent which induces a large number of people to seek refuge in neighboring countries.
That creates tension in the whole region and, in doing so, creates a threat to international peace and security. Ethnic conflicts blurred the line between domestic and international, state and non-state actors. The new Agenda for Peace attempted to find solutions for these new issues within old concepts and understandings.
As a result the United Nations continued to respond with irrelevant remedies to increasingly serious international crisis.
The outcome of the Somalia crisis, together with the increasing difficulties encountered by UNPROFOR in Bosnia demonstrated that a mix of peacekeeping and enforcement is not the answer to a lack of consent and co-operation by the parties to the conflict. In June the conflict intensified and extended to Bosnia and Herzegovina.
As Yugoslavia entered the final stages of breakup in mid, both Croatia and Serbia had interest in Bosnia and were making plans for its partition. The Bosnian Muslims, who amounted to 43 percent of the population and did not approve the partition, introduced a resolution of independence in the Bosnian parliament on 15 October, Daniel et al.
The Bosnian Serbs, on the other hand, did not want to break away from Yugoslavia, so they left the parliament and formed their own parliament. The Bosnian Croats, inspired by the Bosnian Serbs decisive actions, also declared autonomy.
Milosevic was unwilling to bring in peacekeepers because the unrest made it easier for him to claim and annex Bosnia. Moreover, he threatened to start a war if Bosnia seceded from Yugoslavia. Serbs occupied 70 percent of Bosnia which resulted in over , refugees by June Daniel et al. In spite of all peacekeeping and humanitarian efforts of UNPROFOR, throughout the summer of the eastern, northern and northwestern parts of Bosnia underwent a systematic ethnic cleansing.
Peacekeeping personal was not authorized to use force or engage in offensive military operations. However, the legal bases for this collaboration were rather uncertain.
NATO had never been regarded as a regional arrangement or agency, it was a collective security pact established during the Cold War. The new role of NATO was to support peacekeeping operations and activities under the authority of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. The terms of the alliance acknowledged the primary responsibility of the Security Council. NATO has been assisting the United Nations in relation to the protection of UN personnel and of safe zone, the naval embargoes and enforcement of no-fly zones over Bosnia Higgins , p.
In May Bosnian Serbs captured UN peacekeepers, tied them to potential targets and brought them before television cameras, forcing NATO to call of the air strikes. In July the Bosnian Serbs launched a full-scale assault on the safe area of Srebrenica Daniel et al. Following these events all troop-contributing forces met in London where it was decided that NATO no longer needed the approval of the United Nations to launch air strikes. On 11 October, fighting in Bosnia and Herzegovina came to an end.
They mutually recognized each other and agreed to comply with the principles and practices upheld by the Charter of the United Nations Rikhye, The vague mandate was stretched over to cover both the large scope of the mission and the changing circumstances.
The vague mandate and broad scope reminded a bit another long and difficult peacekeeping mission — ONUC. Peacekeeping missions need to have a concrete purpose and a solid plan for action; otherwise they turn into long and disastrous missions with no real effect. In the post-Cold War era, the authority and support of the United States was the necessary ingredient for a successful peacekeeping operation.
Secretary General Boutros-Ghali was blamed for focusing solely on peace and security, and for not giving enough attention to development issues. In the post-Cold War era development was becoming a big problem. During the Cold War funding development projects was a mechanism for establishing spheres of influence.
When the Cold War ended, the funding ended as well. The 47 th General Assembly invited the Secretary General to elaborate a new development strategy for the United Nations. The wide-ranging document offered guidelines for thought and action by Members of the United Nations. An Agenda for Development stated that national governments are the sole responsible for development, but they are no longer the paramount agents. The international market system is what dominates economic development and national governments shall comply with its regulatory framework.
The role of the United Nations in development is to ease and simplify communication between states and their domestic and international partners. According to Boutros-Ghali the purpose of economic growth is to promote full employment and poverty reduction.
Economic growth is irrelevant if poverty, disease, illiteracy, great unemployment, discrimination against women, armed conflict, or lack of social integration persist.
Economic growth and development are not always connected, but democracy and development are fundamentally linked. The participation of people in the decision-making process legitimizes the government and its development policies. Furthermore, An Agenda for Development recognizes the environment as a resource for development and affirms that successful development requires policies that incorporate environmental consideration.
However, Boutros-Ghali realizes that major economies cannot be persuaded to change their own economies to benefit the world economy, or to adopt more globally responsible economic, fiscal and monetary policies. Unlike Agenda for Peace, the development report of the Secretary General was very successful. Following An Agenda for Development, the United Nations seemed more effective and more connected to people than ever before.
In the next few years, the United Nations organizes three more path-breaking international conferences that set new policy standards. The goals put forward by the Social Summit included fostering social integration, achieving full employment and eliminating poverty. The International Conference on Population and Development in discussed a variety of population issues such as immigration, infant mortality, birth control, family planning, the education of women and protection for women from unsafe abortion services.
The Conference reached consensus on some issues such as universal education, reduction of infant and child mortality, reduction of maternal mortality and access to reproductive and sexual health services including family planning. The major result of the conference was the Beijing Declaration of Indigenous Women. As development efforts and the United Nations were positively flourishing, the Organization was progressively losing the support of the United States.
The US government considered these conferences to be a waste of money and conservatives in the US Congress insisted that the United Nations abandon work on ending poverty and universalizing health care.
As US discontent with the United Nations grew, the arrears on its dues grew too. As a result the United Nations experienced serious financial difficulties, because the US contributions make up for 25 percent of the budget of the United Nations.
To resolve the financial crisis in the Organization, UN officials suggested global taxes. As a result the conflict between the United Nations and the United States deepened. In fact, in the US Congress passed a law declaring that the United States would not pay its dues if global taxes are even discussed in the United Nations. The view of the United States was not shared by the other members.
For example, members of the South Center affirmed broad support for the United Nations. The South Center was an intergovernmental organization set up by a number of poor countries in It was created by the South for the South to strengthen South-South cooperation in international affairs. The report sharply criticized pressures from Washington and called for greater democracy, better funding and a larger development role for the United Nations. The United Nations took steps towards a greater Secretariat efficiency by setting up an Efficiency Board with leading outside advisors.
Within three months of his appointment, Secretary General Kofi Annan introduced a number of measures designed to streamline the Secretariat and reduce costs. He also transferred recourses from the administration to economic and social programs. The Report contained a comprehensive reform program that described the measures that had already been taken and further reform proposals.
The measures were divided into Track I proposals that can be initiated under the authority of the Secretary General himself, and Track II proposals which required action and approval by the General Assembly. The reform did not fundamentally restructure the United Nations but the organizational changes that were introduced enabled the Organization to act with greater unity and coherence.
The difference was picked up by the other nations. Even though no real organizational changes were made, working practices in many of these bodies became more open, informal and generally productive.
The staff of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations in the Secretariat was substantially increased. The development of a rapidly deployable military-civilian mission headquarters for peacekeeping operations was approved by the General Assembly.
A time frame for the conclusion of status of force agreements for peacekeeping operation was also agreed upon. For example, the actions of the United Nations in East Timor in represent this new generation of UN peacekeeping. East Timor has been on the international agenda since when the General Assembly added it to the list of Non-Self-Governing Territories.
At the time, East Timor was administered by Portugal but in Portugal made steps towards independence. A popular assembly was organized to determine the future status of East Timor but then a civil war started between those favoring independence and those advocating integration with Indonesia. Portugal was unable to control the situation and withdrew giving Indonesia the opportunity to intervene militarily and integrate East Timor as its 27th province in The United Nations and the international community disapproved of that and called for the withdrawal of Indonesia.
The United Nations never approved or recognized the integration of East Timor from Indonesia and since held regular talks trying to resolve the status of the territory.
Finally, in a consensus between Indonesia and Portugal was reached and a set of agreements was signed in New York on 5 May The responsibility to carry out the popular consultation fell on the Secretary General of the United Nations. The mandate of the mission was to organize the voting and after the implementation of the decisions taken by the Timorese people to assist East Timor in the transition period UNTAET, Background.
The vote of the people of East Timor affirmed their decision to reject the proposed autonomy within Indonesia and to begin the transition towards independence. UNAMET started a partial evacuation to Australia of both its international and local staff members and their families. The failure of Indonesian authorities to respond effectively to the violence as agreed upon in the New York agreements, induced the immediate response of the Secretary General and the Security Council.
A Security Council mission visited Jakarta and Dili and proposed to authorize a multinational mission aiming at resolving the situation. A multinational mission was gaining more and more international support until in September the Indonesian government agreed to accept the international assistance. Eventually the Indonesian Armed Forces and police withdrew from Eat Timor completely leaving a gap in the civil authorities.
UNTAET was established by resolution which mandated it to provide security and maintain law and order throughout the territory of East Timor. The mission had the responsibility to establish an effective administration and assist in the development of civil and social services. It also had to ensure the coordination and delivery of humanitarian assistance, to support capacity- building for self-government and to assist in the establishment of conditions for sustainable development.
The mission consisted of three components: governance and public administration component, a civilian police component of up to civilian police and an armed UN peacekeeping force equivalent size to INTERFET. The NCC was the consultative and decision-making assembly during the transition period. The NCC was responsible for setting up a legal system, creating a first consolidated budget for East Timor, etc. Soon after that, UNTAET started increasing the direct participation of East Timorese and quickly re-organizing itself into eight portfolios to resemble more closely the future government of East Timor.
The internal administration, infrastructure, economic and social affairs portfolios were headed by East Timorese, while finance, justice, police and emergency services, and political affairs were handled by senior UNTAET officials. Meanwhile, in September , a series of armed attacks against United Nations troops and East Timorese were committed along the border and in refugee camps in West Timor. The violence culminated in the murder of three UN staff members in West Timor and the subsequent suspension of UN humanitarian relief efforts in the region.
The deteriorating security situation was confronted by the Security Council with the adoption of resolution , which urged the Indonesian government to fulfill its responsibility to maintain law and order and ensure safety and security in the refugee camps. The continuous efforts made towards the establishment of means for sustainable development and assured economic growth in East Timor culminated when the negotiations for the Timor Sea Arrangement started. Meanwhile, a regulation for the election of the Constituent Assembly was promulgated and elections were scheduled for 30 August On 30 August , the people of East Timor elected an member Constituent Assembly to write and adopt a new Constitution and to elaborate an agenda for future elections and a transition to full independence.
Later on, the Security Council extended the mandate of the mission with one more year. The new approach in peacekeeping came as a result of the so-called Brahimi reforms from The panel was convened ahead of the upcoming Millennium Summit in September, and its task was to make a thorough review of all United Nations peace and security activities and to recommend improvements.
The Brahami Report was issued on 17 August, , and it was named after the chairman of the commission, Lakhdar Brahimi. Following that, in September , hundreds of leaders met in New York and of them ratified the United Nations Millennium Declaration.
The Millennium Declaration had eight chapters and key objectives. The first chapter affirmed the values and principles of the United Nations — freedom, equality, solidarity, tolerance, respect for nature and shared responsibility.
The second chapter dealt with peace, security and disarmament. The third chapter focused on development and poverty eradication, while the fourth chapter urged to protect our common environment. Chapter five was dedicated to human rights, democracy and good governance, and chapter six urged to protect the vulnerable. The seventh chapter encouraged meeting the special needs of Africa and chapter eight focused on strengthening the United Nations.
While most of the millennium development goals seemed out of reach, the reforms in the UN peacekeeping following the Brahimi Report were tremendous.
The repot addressed many issues of the United Nations peace and security operations which Secretary General Kofi Annan highlighted as essential. Among these were strengthening the relationship with Member States, legislative bodies and other United Nations bodies, reforming the management culture and the relationship with field missions of UN peacekeeping operations, and improving rapid deployment of peacekeeping operations Bellamy , p.
That harmed the impartiality of peacekeeping missions, as well as their peacekeeping capacity. The Resolution contained seven decisions taken by the Security Council in order to strengthen the United Nations peacekeeping operations.
Firstly, the Security Council affirmed the importance of clear objectives and timeframe for peacekeeping operations. The Council urged the Secretary General to regularly inform the Council about military operations and humanitarian factors Slomanson , p. Secondly, the rules of engagement needed to have clear legal basis, hence the Security Council requested the Secretary General to prepare a doctrine for the military component of peacekeeping operations.
Thirdly, the need to improve information gathering stressed by Brahimi, led to the establishment of Executive Committee on Peace and Security Information and Strategic Analysis Secretariat.
The forth decision set timeframes for deployment — 30 days for a traditional operation and 90 days for a complex peacekeeping mission.
Also, peacekeeping operations had to be ready to deploy as soon as possible, and task forces within the mission can be formed and used to improve peacekeeping capacity. Decisions five and six agreed that reducing poverty and enhancing economic growth were steps towards conflict prevention.
Also, the need for better coordination and funding for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programs was strongly emphasized.
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